Lead halide perovskite solar cells (LHPSCs) have rapidly gained prominence in the field of photovoltaics, boasting impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 26.1% in single-junction devices. However, despite their high performance, these materials suffer from critical drawbacks, including degradation when exposed to moisture, oxygen, heat and ultraviolet light, as well as concerns regarding the toxicity of lead.