Ground settlement, the downward movement of the ground surface or soil, is caused by changes in underlying soil or rock. With continuing development of underground spaces in urban areas, the frequency of ground surface settlement has increased, raising considerable concerns about infrastructure stability and public safety. It can particularly threaten the safety of critical infrastructure like subway systems. Since ground settlement is difficult to predict in advance, continuous monitoring over a wide area is essential.
A continuous monitoring framework for detecting ground settlement over wide urban areas
